Drugs administered in this way can have a local effect or a systemic effect. Other methods are nasal inhalation and nasal instillation. Nasal insufflation is the most common method of nasal administration. Insufflated gases and vapors are used to ventilate and oxygenate patients ( oxygen, air, helium), and to induce, assist in or maintain general anaesthesia ( nitrous oxide, xenon, volatile anesthetic agents). However, the insufflation by the pump is not adequate for delivery to the lungs, necessitating an active inhalation by the patient. Pump inhalers for asthmatics deliver aerosolized drugs into the lungs via the mouth. Positive airway pressure is a mode of mechanical or artificial ventilation based on insufflation. It is also used by breath-hold divers to increase their lung volumes. Glossopharyngeal insufflation is a breathing technique that consists of gulping boluses of air into the lungs. It is used with patients with neuromuscular disease and muscle weakness due to central nervous system injury. Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation simulates a cough and assists airway mucus clearance. Oxygen can be insufflated into the nose by nasal cannulae to assist in respiration. Gases can be insufflated into parts of the body to enhance radiological imaging or to gain access to areas for visual inspection (e.g. The most common gas used in this manner is carbon dioxide, because it is non-flammable, colorless, and dissolves readily in blood. Gases are often insufflated into a body cavity to inflate the cavity for more workroom, e.g.
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